Voice Alterations Associated with Implanted Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy consistently reduced maximum phonation time by ~9 seconds and significantly worsened Voice Handicap Index scores compared to controls, alongside increased jitter, shimmer, and perceptual voice deterioration. Routine voice monitoring should be incorporated into long-term management of VNS patients.